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AUTOMOTIVE
Erythritol tested in prototype of EV cabin-heating system
A recent post on MAHLE‘s development of a heat exchanger designed to increase the driving range of electric vehicles in cold weather drew the attention of Luc Traonvouez, a French design engineer and owner of Insula France. In 2013, he worked with RBL Plastiques on a similar project. He contacted me via LinkedIn and offered to share the unpublished details of his work.
Traonvouez’s demonstration unit uses erythritol, a phase change material with a melting point of 118° Celsius and a latent heat value of 340 joules per gram. As with the MAHLE system, the PCM is melted while the vehicle battery is charged, using electricity from the grid. The stored heat is released as the PCM solidifies during driving.
The prototype weighs 15.7 kilograms, of which 22 percent is erythritol. The PCM is stored in a rectangular aluminum container with large fins inside and out. The internal fins drive the heat out of the PCM to the aluminum container; the external fins transfer the heat to air. The finned assembly is placed inside a thermally insulated envelope that can maintain the heat for several hours. An electric fan moves air over the fins and pushes it into the vehicle’s cabin on demand.
Erythritol is relatively cheap and shows little supercooling, according to Traonvouez. But he notes two major problems with the material:
“1. The volume change between solid and liquid states is roughly 10%, and when cooling happens the PCM crystalizes around the fins, with a void between the fins and in some areas a void between the PCM and the fins; this means that after a peak of power when releasing heat from the storage, there is a fast drop. As the need for heating is much higher when starting the cold car than in stabilized mode, this drop is less a problem as it would be if we had needed a constant output.
“2. This PCM is subject to fast degradation when over heated in air; so the best is to cap heating at 140°C and confine the PCM in an airproof volume from which oxygen has been removed. When using a PCM with 10% volume size, we cannot fill the macroencapsulation completely with liquid PCM, but rather leave a significant empty volume and put it under some vacuum before sealing.”
This chart shows the heat output of the demonstration unit over a 54-minute period:
Traonvouez concludes: “The demonstration unit must be improved, one way being for example to use another way than fins in the PCM to improve its global thermal conductivity. However, the result is interesting and can be industrialized once tested extensively and over a high number of extreme cycles.”
PATENTS
Support cushion for providing cooling
U.S. patent application 20160166074 (applicant Tempur-Pedic Management LLC, Lexington, Ky.):
“A support cushion for is provided that includes a core comprised of a first flexible foam and a sleeve comprised of a second flexible foam. The sleeve has a first side and a second side opposite the first side that together encapsulate the core. The support cushion further includes an amount of phase change material that is incorporated into at least one of the first side or the second side of the sleeve.”
Data center cooling system with PCM
U.S. patent application 20160174418 (applicant International Business Machines Corp., Armonk, N.Y.):
“Temperature and threshold parameters relating to the cooling system are received. A control condition suitable for the cooling system is determined. If the ambient temperature is lower than the first temperature threshold, the working fluid passage between the free cooling device and the system to be cooled and the working fluid passage between the free cooling device and the PCM cooling device are turned on, in addition to the PCM cooling device is set into the first working mode. If the ambient temperature, AT, is higher than the second temperature threshold and the temperature of the PCM material is lower than the melted state temperature threshold, the working fluid passage between the PCM cooling device and the system to be cooled is turned on, the working fluid passages relating to the free cooling device is turned off, and the PCM cooling device is set into the second working mode.”
PCMs from wax-based colloidal dispersions
U.S. patent application 20160168439 (applicant Henry Company LLC, El Segundo, Calif.):
“This invention generally relates to phase-change materials (PCM) comprising colloidally-protected wax-based microstructures and optionally, an absorbent material such as activated carbon. This invention also relates to such PCMs configured in various physical forms. This invention further relates to a process of configuring such PCMs for a variety of end-use applications in which dampening of temperature fluctuations by absorption and desorption of heat is desired. This invention also relates to PCM with reduced leaking of paraffin from the CPWB microstructures. This invention further relates to preparing colloidally-protected wax-based microstructures in particulate form that function as PCMs.”
IN BRIEF
• Cooling jackets made by a “private company in Gurgaon” – Pluss Advanced Technologies, perhaps? – are being tested by India’s Border Security Force. The jackets, fitted with phase change material, face extreme conditions: Temperatures in the Thar Desert on the Pakistan border can exceed 50º C (122º F).
• About $7.8 trillion will be invested in renewable power worldwide over the next 25 years, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The report, New Energy Outlook 2016, projects that wind, solar, hydro and other renewable energy sources will generate 70 percent of Europe’s power in 2040, up from 32 percent in 2015. In the United States, 44 percent of power will come from renewables in 2040, up from 14 percent in 2015.
• Ice Energy CEO Mike Hopkins reports on LinkedIn: “I’m excited to be getting an Ice Bear 20 for my ranch in Santa Barbara. It will be our first installation in California. Here’s a picture of it all wrapped up and ready for shipping from our factory in Hammondsport, New York. It will have a stopover at our facility in Riverside and then up to my place.” The Ice Bear 20, a smaller version of the company’s commercial thermal energy storage system, is designed for the residential market. The ice-based system has a 265-gallon tank and a thermal storage capacity of 240,000 BTUs. It is 44 inches wide, 40 inches high and 75 inches deep.
• Ember Technologies, maker of the Ember temperature-controlled coffee mug, reports that it has been working “around the clock” to improve the mug’s firmware, mobile app and a few key hardware components. In an e-mail to backers, the Westlake Village, Calif., company says the next production run is scheduled for July. No word on when initial orders will be shipped. Deliveries were originally promised to IndieGoGo backers by April 2016.
• Encapsys LLC of Appleton, Wis., has launched a redesign of its website, www.encapsys.com. The new design features fresh photography, a video gallery, improved navigation and responsive design to ensure optimal display on desktops and mobile devices.
• Chemical companies can save 6 percent to 10 percent annually on raw materials with improved purchasing processes, according a McKinsey & Co. analysis.
• A petition filed with the U.S. Supreme Court in connection with diagnostics research has a prompted fresh discussion of a familiar question: Do patents promote or hinder innovation?
• Whatever the outcome of free trade negotiations between the European Union and the United States, the European Commission has promised that REACH, the EU’s chemicals regulatory framework, will remain unchanged.
• An update on appliance maker Glen Dimplex’s Quantum electric thermal storage system: In a trial program funded in part by EU‘s Horizon 2020 program, the technology has been installed in 200 of a planned 800 homes in Ireland. Installation is about to begin on the first 100 of 400 homes in Germany. The remaining 50, in Latvia, will be complete by the end of the summer.
• The average cost of electricity generated by solar and wind energy could drop by up to 59 percent by 2025 if the right policies are in place, the International Renewable Energy Agency reported this week.
RESEARCH ROUNDUP
For our full list of recent academic research, see puretemp.com/academic. Here are highlights from the past week:
From Corrosion Science:• Inhibition of carbon steel corrosion in phase-change-materials solution by methionine and proline
From Energy:
• Design and synthesis of multifunctional microencapsulated phase change materials with silver/silica double-layered shell for thermal energy storage, electrical conduction and antimicrobial effectiveness
From RSC Advances:
• Polyethylene glycol/Cu/SiO2 form stable composite phase change materials: Preparation, characterization, and thermal conductivity enhancement
From Energy and Buildings:
• Preparation and properties of polyethylene glycol based semi-interpenetrating polymer network as novel form-stable phase change materials for thermal energy storage
• Thermal properties and morphologies of MA–SA eutectics/CNTs as composite PCMs in thermal energy storage
From International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer:
• Figure-of-merit for phase-change materials used in thermal management
• Performance characteristics of microencapsulated phase change material slurry in a helically coiled tube
From Renewable Energy:
• Performance comparison of a group of thermal conductivity enhancement methodology in phase change material for thermal storage application
From Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells:
• Thermophysical and chemical analysis of gneiss rock as low cost candidate material for thermal energy storage in concentrated solar power plants
• A novel calcium chloride hexahydrate-based deep eutectic solvent as a phase change materials
• Preparation and thermal energy storage properties of d-Mannitol/expanded graphite composite phase change material
From Journal of Applied Polymer Science:
• Acrylic bone cements modified with poly(ethylene glycol)-based biocompatible phase-change materials
NETWORKING
Connect with PCM experts and industry leaders on LinkedIn
More than 750 of your peers have joined a LinkedIn group devoted to the discussion of phase change material and thermal energy storage. The Phase Change Matters group is an interactive complement to the award-winning blog and newsletter of the same name.
You are invited to join the group and connect with PCM and TES experts from around the world. New members this week include Dan Costin, mechanical R&D engineer at Creare, Hanover, N.H.; Ricardo Hernández Arrondo, research technologist at Marel Stork Poultry Processing, Netherlands; Mark Valdario, product development/technical sales at Alexium International, Greer, S.C.; and Owen Rehrauer, scientist at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Lafayette, Ind.